Author: Maryam Husain, Nabeil Saad, Sara Taha, Taif Omran, Meeyoung Kim

Pobudliwość drogi korowo-rdzeniowej podczas dziennej przerywanej głodówki w Ramadanie: badanie z zastosowaniem przezczaszkowej stymulacji magnetycznej

Maryam Husain, Nabeil Saad, Sara Taha, Taif Omran, Meeyoung Kim

Maryam Husain, Nabeil Saad, Sara Taha, Taif Omran, Meeyoung Kim – Corticospinal excitability during Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 120-125

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA431D8L7

Abstract
Aim. Ramadan fasting involves intermittent energy restriction, altered sleep patterns, and circadian disruption. However, direct assessment of corticospinal excitability remains limited. This study examined changes in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) during Ramadan fasting using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), alongside cognitive and metabolic measures.
Materials and methods. Twenty-eight healthy adults (mean age 20.2 ± 1.7 years) observing Ramadan fasting completed assessments at two time points: pre-Ramadan (T1) and mid-Ramadan (T2). Corticospinal excitability was assessed using MEP amplitude and latency elicited by single-pulse TMS over the primary motor cortex. Concurrent measures included a visual working memory (VWM) test, the Stroop test, capillary glucose level, and self-reported sleep duration.
Results. Significant reductions were observed in glucose levels and sleep duration during fasting, whereas VWM performance improved; however, this improvement may reflect practice effects and the absence of a control group rather than fasting-related enhancement. No significant changes were detected in MEP amplitude, MEP latency, or Stroop test performance. Changes in MEP parameters were not significantly correlated with changes in metabolic or cognitive measures.
Conclusion. Under the single-pulse TMS protocol used, corticospinal excitability showed no detectable change during mid-Ramadan fasting. These preliminary findings should be interpreted cautiously given the limited sample size, absence of a control group, and the protocol’s constrained sensitivity.
Key words
transcranial magnetic stimulation, Ramadan, intermittent fasting, cognitive function, motor-evoked potentials, cortical excitability
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Problem nietrzymania moczu u kobiet w okresie klimakterium – badania pilotażowe

Aneta Dąbek, Karolina Sawośko

Aneta Dąbek, Karolina Sawośko – The problem of urinary incontinence in women during the climacteric period – a pilot study –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 113-119

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA4315YAF

Abstract
The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the severity of urinary incontinence and the severity of the climacteric syndrome.
Material and methods: The study included 104 women aged 45–65 years during the climacteric period. The research tools consisted of an author’s questionnaire, the Kupperman climacteric index, the IIQ-7 questionnaire, and the UDI-6 questionnaire.
Results: Urinary incontinence affected 41% of women during the climacteric period. No significant correlation was found between the severity of urinary incontinence and the severity of the climacteric syndrome (p = 0.11). A significant correlation was observed between the severity of urinary incontinence and age (p < 0.05), perineal rupture (p < 0.05), and the type of delivery. Women who delivered vaginally had more severe urinary incontinence than women who underwent caesarean section. A significant correlation was demonstrated between general health status and urinary incontinence (p = 0.00).
Conclusions: No significant associations were found between the severity of the climacteric syndrome and the severity of urinary incontinence. Risk factors for urinary incontinence include advanced age, vaginal delivery, and perineal trauma. The conducted study is of a pilot nature and requires continuation.
Key words
climacteric, Kupperman index, urinary incontinence, risk factors
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Integrating play and circuit training to improve locomotor movement in preschool-aged children

Andi Amry Yahya, Moch Asmawi, Iwan Setiawan, Widiastuti

Andi Amry Yahya, Moch Asmawi, Iwan Setiawan, Widiastuti – Integrating play and circuit training to improve locomotor movement in preschool-aged children –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 108-112

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA431R4M2

Abstract
Purpose. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of an integrated play-based circuit training model in improving locomotor movement skills among preschool-aged children. The need for structured and engaging physical activity models in early childhood education is increasingly recognized, particularly in light of growing concerns regarding declining motor competence in young children.
Materials and methods. A quasi-experimental design was employed involving 40 children aged 5–6 years, who were randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The experimental group participated in an 8-week intervention combining circuit-based motor activities with playful elements, conducted three times per week. The control group engaged in routine, unstructured physical activities. Pretest and posttest assessments of locomotor skills were conducted using the Test of Gross Motor Development–2 (TGMD-2). Statistical analyses included paired and independent t-tests to evaluate within-group and between-group differences, respectively, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05.
Results. The experimental group demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in locomotor skills compared to the control group. Mean posttest scores increased more substantially in the experimental group, indicating the effectiveness of the integrated model in enhancing movement competence.
Conclusions. The findings support the hypothesis that a play-based circuit training model is effective in improving locomotor skills in preschool-aged children. This approach provides a practical, enjoyable, and developmentally appropriate method for early childhood educators to support motor development. Future research should investigate broader implementation strategies and the long-term impact of such interventions on physical literacy.
Key words
locomotor skills, play-based learning, circuit training, preschool children, motor development, early childhood education
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Modern possibilities of physiotherapy in the treatment of diabetes complications

Marlena Milka, Aleksander Sieroń, Jakub Adamczyk

Marlena Milka, Aleksander Sieroń, Jakub Adamczyk – Modern possibilities of physiotherapy in the treatment of diabetes complications –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 99-107

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA431P6H9

Abstract
Introduction. Contemporary physiotherapeutic interventions in the management of diabetic complications encompass a broad spectrum of modalities, ranging from well-established procedures to innovative techniques such as laserobaric therapy. The physiotherapeutic methods discussed include mobilization, lymphatic drainage, oxygen therapy, laser therapy, magnetic field therapy, TECAR therapy, and Laserobaria 2.0_S. In addition, complementary therapeutic strategies are addressed, including orthotic insole selection, patient education, and the role of surgical and podiatric interventions in wound management.
Methods. This study is based on a narrative review with a selective and subjective appraisal of the literature sourced from PubMed and Google Scholar. The review includes peer-reviewed articles published between 2017 and 2024, as well as textbook literature published between 2005 and 2014.
Results. The review demonstrates the effectiveness of physiotherapeutic interventions in the management of diabetic complications. In particular, promising therapeutic outcomes associated with the Laserobaria 2.0_S device were identified in the treatment of chronic, non-healing wounds, including ulcers related to diabetic foot syndrome.
Conclusions. This review confirms the pivotal role of physiotherapy in the management of diabetic complications while simultaneously emphasizing the importance of adjunctive therapeutic procedures. It highlights the clinical relevance of manual therapy techniques, appropriate wound debridement, and physical therapy modalities. Furthermore, the findings indicate the therapeutic potential of laserobaric treatment in regenerative medicine, warranting further large-scale and controlled clinical investigations.
Key words
diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, physiotherapy, diabetic foot syndrome, chronic wounds, laserobaric therapy
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Effectiveness of spinal manipulation in chronic mechanical low back pain: a gender-based comparative study

Şerife Özcan, Hasan Kerem Alptekin3, Jülide Hazneci, Sefa Haktan Hatık, İlker Can Büyükkırlı, Reyhan Gümüşburun

Şerife Özcan, Hasan Kerem Alptekin3, Jülide Hazneci, Sefa Haktan Hatık, İlker Can Büyükkırlı, Reyhan Gümüşburun– Effectiveness of spinal manipulation in chronic mechanical low back pain: a gender-based comparative study –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 92-98

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA431X3Z8

Abstract
Background. The purpose of this study was to compare and evaluate the effects of spinal manipulation in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain with respect to gender.
Methods. A total of 62 volunteers diagnosed with chronic mechanical low back pain were included in the study. Participants were divided into two groups based on gender: female (n = 31) and male (n = 31). Functional disability was assessed using the Oswestry Low Back Pain Disability Questionnaire (OLBPDQ). Pain intensity and characteristics were evaluated using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Quality of life was assessed with the WHOQOL-Bref, sleep quality with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and treatment satisfaction with the Treatment Satisfaction Scale (TSS). All assessments were conducted at three time points: before treatment, immediately after treatment, and one month following treatment completion. Goniometric measurements of the hip and lumbar spine were also performed. Both groups received identical interventions consisting of spinal manipulation applied twice weekly, for a total of eight sessions over four weeks.
Results. Statistically significant within-group improvements were observed across all outcome measures at post-treatment and at the one-month follow-up compared with baseline, with the exception of the Treatment Satisfaction Scale (p < 0.05). When outcomes were compared between female and male groups, no statistically significant differences were identified (p > 0.05).
Conclusion. Gender does not influence the effectiveness of spinal manipulation in the management of chronic mechanical low back pain.
Key words
low back pain, spinal manipulation, sex factors
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The influence of Artur Karapetyan’s (Physiotherapist) activity on Instagram on the perception of the physiotherapist profession

Anita Brylak

Anita Brylak – The influence of Artur Karapetyan’s (Physiotherapist) activity on Instagram on the perception of the physiotherapist profession –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 81-91

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA4317NQ4

Abstract
Introduction. The profession of physiotherapy does not enjoy the same high prestige in society as other medical professions, despite its crucial role in the treatment and rehabilitation of patients. However, in recent years, public awareness of the importance of physiotherapy for health and quality of life has been growing. Social media has had a significant impact on shaping public opinion in this area, becoming a major source of information about health and prevention.
Purpose. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of media coverage on the perception of the physiotherapy profession, using the Instagram activity of Artur Karapetyan, a physiotherapist who posts content related to physiotherapy and health care, as an example.
Materials and Methods. A survey was conducted among internet users. Their age, gender, and frequency of physical activity were taken into account. One hundred internet users participated in the study, including 42 women and 52 men. The chi-square test was used to analyze the relationships between variables.
Results. Analysis of the study results revealed that Artur Karapetyan’s online activity had a significant impact on Internet users’ perceptions of the physiotherapy profession. The result was not directly related to their age, gender, or frequency of daily physical activity.
Conclusions. Physiotherapist Artur Karapetyan’s online activity has a significant impact on the perception of the physiotherapist profession among followers of the Fizjotherapist Instagram profile.
Key words
physiotherapy, physiotherapist, social media, health, Fizjotherapist
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Comparison of the effects of six weeks of plyometric training and sprint interval intervention on leg muscle power and speed in sub-elite football players

Sugiyanto, Slamet Raharjo, Eggy Nur Arfiansyah

Sugiyanto, Slamet Raharjo, Eggy Nur Arfiansyah – Comparison of the effects of six weeks of plyometric training and sprint interval intervention on leg muscle power and speed in sub-elite football players –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 76-80

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA431KJ5T

Abstract
Sprinting capacity and muscular power are crucial components of performance in modern football and continue to increase in importance each year. Although the benefits of sprint interval training (SIT) and plyometric training (PT) for improving the physical fitness of football players have been well documented, it remains unclear which training method is more effective in enhancing explosive power and sprint performance. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effects of SIT and PT on physical performance parameters, particularly lower-limb explosive power and sprint speed, in male football players.
Thirty male football players were randomly assigned to either a plyometric training group (PT; n = 15) or a sprint interval training group (SIT; n = 15). Before and after the six-week training intervention, participants completed a series of performance tests, including a vertical jump test and a 30-m linear sprint test. Both training groups demonstrated improvements in explosive power and sprint performance. However, the PT intervention resulted in significantly greater improvements in vertical jump performance (effect size [ES] = 2.7 vs. 0.5,       p = 0.001) and 30-m linear sprint speed (ES = 3.1 vs. 1.3, p = 0.001) compared to the SIT intervention.
In conclusion, both plyometric training and sprint interval training were effective in improving performance in sub-elite male football players. However, plyometric training produced superior gains in vertical jump performance and linear sprint speed compared to sprint interval training. These findings suggest that plyometric training may provide additional benefits beyond those typically incorporated into preseason conditioning programs.
Key words
exercise performance, jumping, sprinting, power
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Quality of life, level of independence and pain symptoms in adult patients with cerebral palsy treated with the Vojta method – case reports

Edyta Ciesielska, Michał Olba, Anna Mickiewicz

Edyta Ciesielska, Michał Olba, Anna Mickiewicz – Quality of life, level of independence and pain symptoms in adult patients with cerebral palsy treated with the Vojta method – case reports –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 66-75

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA431F2A6

Abstract
Aim of the study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of Vojta therapy on the quality of life, level of independence and pain symptoms in adult patients with cerebral palsy (CP).
Basic assumptions. Cerebral palsy is a group of disorders caused by damage to the developing brain during the prenatal and neonatal periods, affecting motor development, muscle tone, and posture. Motor disorders in CP are often accompanied by sensory, perceptual, cognitive, communication, and behavioral disorders, as well as epilepsy. Despite advances in prenatal and perinatal care, the overall prevalence of CP has remained stable over the past 40 years. The functional abilities of adults with CP in daily life depend on the severity of symptoms and the presence of any comorbid conditions. These individuals can function with full independence in daily activities, partial dependence, or require round-the-clock care. Pain is one of the most frequently reported problems by adults with CP and negatively impacts their functioning.
One of the leading therapeutic approaches used in the treatment of CP is the Vojta method. This therapy has been successfully used for many years in children with CP, as well as in healthy adults and adults with multiple sclerosis. However, no one has yet evaluated the possibility of its application in adults with CP. Therefore, the authors of this article attempted to apply elements of the Vojta therapy in adult patients with CP and assess its potential impact on their quality of life, level of independence, and pain symptoms.
Key words
quality of life, level of independence, pain symptoms, cerebral palsy, Vojta therapy
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Pattern recognition of psychological skills training (PST) index capabilities among rugby coaches

Ahmad Effendy Abdul Razak, Mohammad Firdaus Mohd Israj, Ahmad Fadzlee Ahmad Idriss, Mohar Kassim, Shahrulfadly Rustam, Ahmad Bisyri Husin Musawi Maliki

Ahmad Effendy Abdul Razak et al. – Pattern recognition of psychological skills training (PST) index capabilities among rugby coaches –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 57-65

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA4319CWD

Abstract
Introduction. Rugby is one of the most physically and mentally taxing collision sports, not only for players but also for coaches. Over the years, the development of athletes has increasingly incorporated psychological skills training. However, very few instruments exist to assess the psychological skills of rugby coaches, particularly in Malaysia. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the Psychological Skills Training (PST) Index for rugby coaches by defining competency rubrics using pattern recognition techniques and classifying coaches’ readiness to apply these rubrics.
Methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 109 rugby coaches working at school, district, state, and national levels across the country. A 30-item PST instrument was administered, covering the constructs of perceived usefulness, satisfaction, and ease of implementation. The following psychometric procedures were applied: Cronbach’s alpha, the Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin (KMO) measure, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and discriminant analysis (DA). Additional machine-learning classifiers were used to evaluate the PST Index and determine its predictive performance.
Results. The PST Index demonstrated strong internal reliability and sampling adequacy (α = 0.878; KMO = 0.722). Factor analysis extracted six factors from 13 items, with loadings ranging from 0.600 to 0.770, explaining 46.4% of the total variance. Coaches’ group mastery accuracy indicated that the model could discriminate among low, moderate, and high groups with 96.3% accuracy. Predictive validity was supported by logistic regression (AUC = 0.875) and was similarly supported by neural networks (AUC = 0.874).
Conclusion. The PST Index is the first and currently the only index designed for rugby coaches in Malaysia, and it represents the first index of its kind in Asia. It includes both diagnostic and prognostic capabilities related to psychological readiness and provides predictive utility through pattern recognition. Potential links to injury prevention or coaching stress regulation remain theoretical and were not tested in this study. The PST Index may help educational and coaching institutions substantially refine coaching practices. Further cross-cultural research is needed to validate digital and longitudinal approaches that could increase accessibility and scalability. In this study, validation was limited to internal consistency and internal structure; external validity, longitudinal outcomes, and practical effects were not established.
Key words
psychological skills training, rugby coaches, pattern recognition, psychometric validation, machine learning classification
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Development of a game-based circuit learning model to improve motor skills and motivation in upper elementary school students

Muhammad Wigi Saputra, Soni Nopembri, Hari Yuliarto

Muhammad Wigi Saputra, Soni Nopembri, Hari Yuliarto – Development of a game-based circuit learning model to improve motor skills and motivation in upper elementary school students –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(5); 49-56

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA431M0R8

Abstract
This study aims to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of a game-based circuit learning model designed to enhance gross motor skills and learning motivation among upper elementary school students. The model was developed using a research and development (R&D) approach based on the ADDIE framework (analysis, design, development, implementation, evaluation). The study involved five doctoral-level experts as validators, three physical education teachers and 64 students in the small-scale trial, and five teachers with 128 students in the large-scale trial.
Effectiveness testing employed a quasi-experimental design with a pretest–posttest control group, involving randomly selected fifth-grade students from two elementary schools. Validation results indicated that the developed model was highly feasible, with feasibility scores of 88.05% from content experts, 89.77% from media experts, 88.33% from the small-scale trial, and 89.44% from the large-scale trial.
The effectiveness analysis demonstrated significant improvements in both gross motor skills and learning motivation among students in the experimental group. Independent samples t-tests revealed p-values < 0.05 for both outcome variables. The mean posttest score for gross motor skills in the experimental group was 223.63, compared to 177.01 in the control group. For learning motivation, the experimental group achieved a mean posttest score of 62.34, which was notably higher than the control group score of 55.19.
These findings indicate that the game-based circuit learning model is both effective and feasible for physical education instruction, as it promotes an engaging, active, and participatory learning environment. The model also demonstrates potential for further development and application across various educational levels and instructional contexts.
Key words
physical education, circuit games, gross motor skills, learning motivation, ADDIE development model
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