Tag: agility

Effect of additional proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training to routine stretching exercises on agility in athletes with cerebral palsy

Astrid Astari Aulia, Damayanti Tinduh, Dyah Intania Sari, Nurul Kusuma Wardani, Diah Indriani, Retno Setianing

Astrid Astari Aulia, Damayanti Tinduh, Dyah Intania Sari, Nurul Kusuma Wardani, Diah Indriani, Retno Setianing – Effect of additional proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training to routine stretching exercises on agility in athletes with cerebral palsy –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(4); 33-40

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZGA431GV4N

Abstract
Introduction. Sports and physical activity are increasingly popular among individuals with cerebral palsy (CP), both in professional and rehabilitation contexts. Muscle imbalances, reduced joint mobility, and spasticity increase the risk of limb injuries and generally result in reduced agility in CP athletes. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is a stretching technique that has been shown to improve muscle flexibility, peak torque, and both active (AROM) and passive (PROM) range of motion. PNF is widely used in clinical settings to improve ROM and muscle strength in individuals with CP.
Objective. To examine the effect of additional PNF stretching exercises combined with routine stretching on agility in athletes with CP.
Methods. The study was conducted at the National Paralympic Committee (NPC) Indonesia Training Center. A total of 24 CP athletes were randomly assigned to two groups: the treatment group (n = 12) received routine stretching plus PNF three times a week for four weeks; the control group (n = 12) received only routine stretching. Agility was assessed using the Modified Agility Test before and after the intervention.
Results. Significant improvements in Modified Agility Test times were observed in both groups: treatment group (p = 0.00), control group (p = 0.02). The treatment group demonstrated a greater effect size (Cohen’s d = 1.43) compared to the control group (Cohen’s d = 0.79). The delta difference in agility scores between the groups was statistically significant.
Conclusion. The addition of PNF-based stretching exercises significantly improves agility performance in athletes with CP, as reflected in their Modified Agility Test results.
Key words
proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, agility, modified agility test, cerebral palsy athletes
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Position-specific performance metrics of professional football players. A multidimensional analysis

Kartono Pramdhan, Asep Angga Permadi, Irwan Hermawan, Ricky Ferrari Valentino Ward, Nanang Kusnadi, Abu Bakar

Kartono Pramdhan, Asep Angga Permadi, Irwan Hermawan, Ricky Ferrari Valentino Ward, Nanang Kusnadi, Abu Bakar – Position-specific performance metrics of professional football players. A multidimensional analysis –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(3); 183-187

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG7D19Y1TI

Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the differences in physical performance among professional football players based on their playing position: goalkeeper, defender, midfielder, and forward. The background to this study stems from the need for coaching staff to understand the specific physical demands of each position to optimise training programmes and match strategies. A quantitative approach with a descriptive-comparative design was used. The study subjects consisted of 11 professional players from Liga 1 Indonesia clubs, grouped by their main positions. Performance measurements included VO₂ max (yoyo test) and football performance analysis (Catapult One). The results of the performance analysis by position showed functionally significant differences in physical characteristics. Midfielders recorded the highest performance with a VO₂ max of 62.35 ml/kg/min, intensity of 200.07 m/min, and maximum speed of 20.22 m/s, emphasising their role as the motor of the game. Defenders covered the longest distance (7,611.68 m) with a duration of 96.84 minutes, reflecting high stability and endurance. Forwards were dominant in sprinting (B5: 164.67 m; B6: 115.89 m) and speed (12.22 m/s), matching the explosive demands of attacking. Goalkeepers had the lowest intensity (VO₂ max: 56.18 ml/kg/min; distance: 5,708.76 m), but still recorded high reaction speed (10.52 m/s). These findings support the importance of position-based training and performance data for tactical efficiency and performance optimisation.
Key words
position-specific performance, professional football, physical fitness, agility, VO2max
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Effectiveness of lower limb antigravity muscle strengthening in recreational footballers. A comparative study

Kaviyarasan P, Sarvan kumar J, Kamalakannan M, Hariharan J, Priyadarshini Babu, Priyanga Seemathan, Priyadharshini V, Thiagarajan D

Kaviyarasan P et al. – Effectiveness of lower limb antigravity muscle strengthening in recreational footballers. A comparative study –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(1); 439-447

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG007D9BZJ

Abstract
Introduction. The study investigates the effectiveness of lower limb antigravity muscle strengthening exercises versus conventional exercises among recreational football players. Enhancing endurance and agility is critical for performance in football, making it essential to identify optimal training methods.
Aim of the study. To evaluate and compare the effects of lower limb antigravity muscle strengthening and conventional exercise on endurance and agility in recreational football players.
Materials and methods. This experimental study involved 56 recreational football players selected from Saveetha University using convenient sampling. Participants were randomized into two groups:
1. Lower limb antigravity muscle strengthening group. Engaged in targeted exercises (lunges with dumbbells, reverse Nordic curls, dumbbell squat thrusts, agility T-drills, and single-leg box jumps) for 5 days a week over 6 weeks.
2. Conventional exercise group. Performed traditional exercises (squats, lunges, calf raises, step-ups, and crunches) under the same schedule.
Each group underwent a 5-minute warm-up and cool-down. Outcome measures included the 30 Seconds Endurance Jump Test and the Agility T Test, which were assessed post-intervention.
Results. The results indicated that the conventional group’s post-test mean endurance was 38.71, while the antigravity muscle strengthening group achieved 42.68. For agility, the conventional group scored 11.8282, compared to 10.64957 for the antigravity group. Both interventions showed significant improvements with p-values less than 0.0001.
Conclusion. Both training methods led to positive enhancements in endurance and agility, with the lower limb antigravity muscle strengthening group demonstrating superior results. This suggests that integrating both training styles may optimize performance for recreational football players.
Key words
lower limb antigravity muscle strengthening, endurance, conventional exercise, agility
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Speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training: Is it effective in increasing the speed, agility, and leg power of football athletes?

Leo Pratama, Tomoliyus, Endang Rini Sukamti, Fauzi, Hayudi, Sri Rizki Handayani, Bandung Bumboro, Anton Sukowati

Leo Pratama et al. – Speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training: Is it effective in increasing the speed, agility, and leg power of football athletes? –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(1); 231-237

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG007DFRPR

Abstract
Background and study aim. Agility, speed, and leg muscle power are considered highly important for every football player. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) training in increasing the speed, agility, and leg power of football athletes.
Material and methods. This study is experimental. SAQ training was conducted for six weeks with a frequency of three times per week. The population consisted of 31 football players from the Sorong Football Club, aged 13–18 years, who were randomly selected. The instruments used were the agility test (Illinois Agility Test), the vertical jump test, and the speed test (30-meter sprint). The statistical method applied was the t-test, specifically the paired sample test.
Results. The results showed that SAQ training is effective in increasing speed (p-value 0.018 < 0.05), agility (p-value 0.000 < 0.05), and leg power (p-value 0.000 < 0.05) in football athletes. The improvements after SAQ training were 0.10 seconds in speed, 0.02 seconds in agility, and 1.00 cm in leg power.
Conclusions. These results suggest that SAQ training is effective in improving football players’ speed, agility, and leg power performance, but further research is needed to determine the ideal training method for enhancing these attributes. Researchers who intend to continue or replicate this study are advised to implement stricter control measures throughout the experiment to mitigate threats to external and internal validity.
Key words
SAQ training, speed, agility, leg power
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Does three sessions of 12-week plyometric training per week improve physical fitness parameters in professional male soccer players? A randomized controlled trial

Deepak Siby, Navaraj Chelliah Jesus Rajkumar, Nirmal Michael Salvi, Debajit Karmakar, Ibnu Noufal Kambitta Valappil, Bekir Erhan Orhan, Farjana Akter Boby, Yuni Astuti

Deepak Siby et al. – Does three sessions of 12-week plyometric training per week improve physical fitness parameters in professional male soccer players? A randomized controlled trial –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2025; 25(1); 84-93

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG007DDZ6Q

Abstract
Background. Plyometric training is recognized for enhancing various physical fitness parameters critical to athletic performance, particularly in soccer players.
Purpose. This study aimed to assess the effects of a 12-week plyometric training program, conducted three times per week, on key fitness parameters in professional male soccer players.
Methods. A total of 40 professional male soccer players were randomly assigned to a control group (CG, n=20) and a plyometric training group (PTG, n=20). Participants (mean height = 176.14±3.28 cm, weight = 68.24±2.17 kg, and age = 20.31±2.30 years) underwent a 12-week plyometric training intervention. Fitness assessments were conducted before and after the intervention, measuring agility (t-test), balance (stork stand test), speed (50 m dash), power (medicine ball throw test), explosive power (vertical jump), leg strength (standing broad jump), and core strength (sit-up test).
Results. Significant improvements (p < 0.001) were observed in the PTG across all fitness parameters compared to the control group, indicating the effectiveness of plyometric training in enhancing physical fitness in soccer players.
Conclusion. The 12-week plyometric training program positively impacted agility, balance, speed, power, explosive power, leg strength, and core strength in professional male soccer players, suggesting it as a valuable regimen for improving overall physical performance.
Key words
plyometric training, physical fitness, agility, balance, speed, power, soccer, strength
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Impact of plyometric training on sprint and agility performance in college-level futsal athletes: a comparative study using hurdle jumps and box jumps

Andri Irawan, Nur Fitranto, Muchtar Hendra Hasibuan, Eko Prabowo, Dzulfiqar Diyananda, Slamet Sukriadi, Andri Paranoan, Sri Indah Ihsani

 

Andri Irawan, et al – Impact of plyometric training on sprint and agility performance in college-level futsal athletes: a comparative study using hurdle jumps and box jumps –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2024; 24(5); 50-55

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG020C68QJ

Abstract
The primary objective of this study is to analyze the effects of plyometric training on sprint and agility performance in college athletes, focusing on hurdle jumps and box jumps as interventions. A total of 45 college athletes were selected based on their participation in regular sports training. They were divided into three groups: Group Hurdle Jump (GHJ), Group Box Jump (GBJ), and a Control Group (GCR). The plyometric training program lasted for 12 weeks, with the GHJ and GBJ groups completing specific plyometric exercises, while the GCR group followed their usual training regimen without additional interventions. The results showed significant improvements in both sprint speed and agility in the intervention groups. In the GHJ group, sprint performance improved from 3.18 ± 0.32 seconds (pretest) to 2.79 ± 0.29 seconds (posttest) (p = 0.01), while agility improved from 12.21 ± 0.67 seconds to 10.20 ± 0.43 seconds (p = 0.01). Similarly, the GBJ group demonstrated improvements in sprint performance from 3.15 ± 0.43 seconds to 2.98 ± 0.13 seconds (p = 0.05), and agility performance from 12.43 ± 0.82 seconds to 11.01 ± 0.39 seconds (p = 0.05). In contrast, the Control Group (GCR) did not show statistically significant changes in either sprint or agility performance, with p-values of 0.34 and 0.63, respectively. These findings suggest that targeted plyometric exercises, particularly hurdle jumps and box jumps, play a crucial role in enhancing sprint and agility performance in college athletes. The study also highlights the effectiveness of the Smartspeed timing system in accurately measuring performance changes in these parameters. Further research is needed to explore the long-term impacts of such training programs on various sports disciplines.
Key words
plyometric, sprint, agility, futsal
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Optimizing SAQ performance in football atheletes exploring the influence of high-intensity interval training

S. Eswari, T.Shanmugavalli

 

S. Eswari, T.Shanmugavalli – Optimizing SAQ performance in football atheletes exploring the influence of high-intensity interval training –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2024; 24(5); 26-37

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG020C4YVX

Abstract
Objectives. The major goal of this study was to investigate the impact of a twelve-week high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on male football players’ speed, agility, and quickness (SAQ) capabilities. Also, this study is to clarify the physiological and biomechanical mechanisms affected by HIIT. This work suggests the sustainability of this HIIT plan over a long period of time.
Method. A total of thirty male college football players were split into two groups. One group underwent High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and another group continued with their regular activities. This study was carried out for 12 weeks without changing the usual habits of the participants. The Illinois Agility Test, the Ruler Drop Test, and the Flying 30-meter Test were conducted both before and after the testing time. The T-tests were employed for statistical analysis by comparing both groups.
Result. It was discovered that there were no significant gains in quickness (p > 0.05), agility (p > 0.05), or speed (p > 0.05) by comparing the control group to the experimental group. The results of the t-test did not indicate any significant difference between the experimental and control group (p > 0.05).
Conclusion. The research shows the effectiveness of HIIT program for the improvement of Speed, Agility, and Quickness (SAQ) of male football players. While the current study did not find significant improvements in SAQ, further research is needed to explore the potential benefits of HIIT for football players. Factors such as sample size, study duration and individual differences might have influenced the results.
Key words
high intensity interval training, speed, agility, quickness, football players
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An Agility Training Model for Wheelchair Court Tennis Athletes: An Experimental Study

Rafidhiya Mohammad, Endang Rini Sukamti, Djoko Pekik Irianto, Abdul Alim, Fauzi, Tomoliyus, Amri Hartanto

 

Rafidhiya Mohammad, Endang Rini Sukamti, Djoko Pekik Irianto, Abdul Alim, Fauzi, Tomoliyus, Amri Hartanto – An Agility Training Model for Wheelchair Court Tennis Athletes: An Experimental Study –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2024; 24(2); 28-34

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG5608Y6G

Abstract
One sport for people with disabilities is wheelchair court tennis, where athletes need good agility to move. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the agility training model for wheelchair court tennis athletes. This research is experimental. The population in this study were wheelchair tennis court disability athletes in the Special Region of Yogyakarta totalling 14 athletes (male 10, female 4, aged 19-40 years). Where athletes with various disabilities, including spinal cord injury, single amputee, double amputee, or spina bifida. The sample was divided into two based on ordinal pairing of pretest data, i.e. the experimental group was treated with five agility training models and the control group trained as usual with a coach. The statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS software, version 21. The results showed that the agility training model for 18 treatments was effective in increasing the agility of wheelchair tennis athletes, with a p-value of 0.000 < 0.05. Sport-specific training programmes are essential for improving athlete performance. A clear understanding of the nuances of developing athletes with disabilities is essential to developing appropriate programmes and strategies. The results of this study are expected to make a positive contribution to the development of progressive and innovative science, the contribution of the results of this study can add insight into the agility training model for wheelchair tennis athletes.
Keywords
training model, agility, wheelchair court tennis
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Impact of explosive power, agility, and focus on front kick speed in pencak silat

Alfauzan Jamal, Endang Sepdanius, Alimuddin, Sonya Nelson, M. Adli Bin Mohd Sidi, Endarman Saputra

Alfauzan Jamal, Endang Sepdanius, Alimuddin, Sonya Nelson, M. Adli Bin Mohd Sidi, Endarman Saputra – Impact of explosive power, agility, and focus on front kick speed in pencak silat –  Fizjoterapia Polska 2024; 24(1); 114-121

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG2EF87jJ

Abstract
Introduction. In pencak silat, a front kick is considered the most effective technique for scoring points due to its precision and power.
Aim. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of leg muscle explosiveness, agility, and focus on the speed of the front kick.
Material and methods. This type of research is causal associative research. The population in this study comprised pencak silat athletes. 30 pencak silat athletes voluntarily participated in the study. The research instruments used in this study were vertical jumps, shuttle runs, focus grids, and kick speed tests. The analytical technique used to test this research is path analysis with multiple linear regression tests.
Results. The results showed that: (1) there was a significant direct effect between the explosive power on the speed of the front kick about 13.6%. (2) Agility has a significant direct effect on the speed of the front kick, accounting for about 21.1%. (3) Focus significantly affects the speed of the front kick, contributing approximately 71.6%., (4) There is an indirect effect of explosive leg muscles on the speed of the front kick, with a focus of approximately 21.4%. (5) There is also an indirect effect of agility on the speed of the front kick among pencak silat athletes, with a focus of about 20.6%. (6) Furthermore, there is a combined effect of explosive leg muscle power, agility, and focus on the speed of the front kick, accounting for approximately 71.2%.
Conclusions. It was concluded that the front kick speed was affected by explosive power, agility, and focus by 71.2% while the rest were other variables that were not studied. The results of this study are expected to help coaches, athletes, and performance analysts in developing appropriate training programs by prioritizing explosive power, agility, and focus variables.
Keywords
explosive power, agility, focus, front kick speed
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Circuit training program improves agility and limb muscle power of basketball athletes

Faza Annasai, Sumaryanti, Sigit Nugroho, Sumarjo, Muhamad Ichsan Sabillah, Enggista Hendriko Delano

 

Faza Annasai, Sumaryanti, Sigit Nugroho, Sumarjo, Muhamad Ichsan Sabillah, Enggista Hendriko Delano – Circuit training program improves agility and limb muscle power of basketball athletes. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(4); 48-53

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20A591

Abstract
Power and agility are important attributes for playing basketball. This study aims to determine the effect of a circuit training program on improving agility and limb muscle power in basketball athletes. An experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design was used. Purposive sampling with specific criteria was utilized: active basketball athletes aged 15-18 years, male, and willing to participate in the study. The sample consisted of 12 athletes who underwent a treatment consisting of 8 sessions over 24 meetings. The instrument for measuring limb muscle power was a vertical jump test, while the T-Test was used to measure agility. Data analysis involved normality and homogeneity tests, followed by t-tests using SPSS. The results showed that the average pre-test limb muscle power was 49.33 cm, which increased to 54.17 cm in the post-test (an increase of 4.84 cm). The average pre-test agility was 11.30 seconds, and it decreased to 10.33 seconds in the post-test (a reduction of 0.97 seconds). It can be concluded that the circuit training program can enhance the agility and limb muscle power of basketball athletes.
Keywords
circuit training, agility, limb muscle power, basketball
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