Author: Martyna Franecka, Małgorzata Domagalska-Szopa, Andrzej Szopa

Effects of prenatal stress on infant motor development

Martyna Franecka, Małgorzata Domagalska-Szopa, Andrzej Szopa

Martyna Franecka, Małgorzata Domagalska-Szopa, Andrzej Szopa –Effects of prenatal stress on infant motor development. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 327-338

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20BiRS

Abstract
Introduction. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between prenatal maternal stress (PMS) experienced by women during pregnancy and perinatal risk factors and infant motor development, as assessed by the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS).
Aim of the study It was hypothesised that infants born to mothers who experienced PMS have lower levels of motor development during their first year of life compared to infants of mothers who did not experience PMS.
Material and methodology. The test was conducted on 171 women and their 179 children. The subjects were divided into two groups: 1) mothers who experienced PMS and 2) mothers who did not experience PMS. The same key was applied to divide the study infants into two subgroups: 1) infants of women experiencing PMS and 2) infants of women not experiencing PMS. Each infant was assessed using the standardised AIMS tool.
Results. The study results suggest that infants of mothers experiencing PMS score lower on neurodevelopmental assessments, persisting at least 12 months after birth, than infants of mothers not experiencing PMS. Moreover, a correlation was demonstrated between stress during pregnancy and factors such as gestational age, mode of delivery, birth weight, and Apgar scores.
Conclusions. Stress experienced by mothers during pregnancy can affect motor development in infancy. Also, perinatal factors such as the week and type of labour, birth weight, and Apgar score should not be underestimated.

Key words:
prenatal maternal stress, infant motor development

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Changes in body balance due to exposure to trauma – multi-center studies

Aleksandra Bitenc-Jasiejko, Krzysztof Konior, Anna Walińska, Kinga Gonta, Elżbieta Szkiler, Milena Kraft, Alina Kirpichnikova, Karolina Trąbska, Anna Parus, Tomasz Kupc, Malwina Waleryn-Sagun, Anna Szadkowska, Rafał Mosur, Kamila Mosur, Damian Szyguła, Nicola Książek, Małgorzata Barszczewska, Patrycja Janta, Aneta Mandrosa, Joanna Jarosławska, Klaudia Smolińska, Marta Szewczyk, Agnieszka Byszewska, Anna Morzyńska, Marzena Tuszkowska, Barbara Wrocławska-Tuszkowska, Marek Gapiński, Tomasz Kowalik, Karolina Adamska, Katarzyna Pawliwiec, Jan Głodowski, Konrad Kijak, Małgorzata Kowacka, Danuta Lietz-Kijak

Aleksandra Bitenc-Jasiejko, Krzysztof Konior, Danuta Lietz-Kijak et al – Changes in body balance due to exposure to trauma – multi-center studies. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 313-326

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20Bb3T

Abstract
Aim. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of a traumatic event experienced by the subject on postural balance and biomechanical parameters of gait.
Research methodology. The study involved 31 people (n = 100%), including 22 women (nk% = 70.97%), 9 men (nm% = 29.03), aged 29-60. People with diseases and dysfunctions affecting body balance and gait pattern were excluded from the study.
Balance and gait tests were performed using pedobarography (pedobarograph mod. EPS R2, Biomech Studio v2 software). The balance test was performed while standing, for 20 seconds, with sampling every 1 ms (millisecond) – the number of samples during one test is 20,000. The balance and gait assessment tests were performed twice. Test I included testing in neutral conditions, Test II included testing in conditions in which the subject was exposed
to a traumatic event he or she had experienced in the past (so-called exposure to “experienced trauma”).
Results. The obtained results of studies on the impact of exposure to experienced trauma on body balance while standing showed significant differences in body fluctuations in the most important parameters of stabilometric assessment.
The obtained results of research on the impact of exposure to trauma on the subject’s gait showed no significant differences between the test in neutral conditions and the test during exposure.
Conclusions. (1) Exposure to the trauma experienced by the subject significantly affects the body’s balance in a standing position. (2) The research showed no influence of exposure to the experienced trauma on the subject’s gait in the area of the time of contact of the feet with the ground and on the values of maximum and average pressure; The area of the plane where the feet are placed on the ground changes significantly before and after exposure to the trauma experienced by the subject. (3) In research on the impact of trauma on body posture, detailed results of studies on the range of COP fluctuations in each plane should be taken into account – the study showed that the analysis of only average results may significantly indicate an incorrect result in the assessment of body balance.

Keywords
stress, trauma, PTSD, body balance, gait, stabilometry, pedobarography

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Assessment of control during movement, fine motor skills/handwriting, and gross motor control in children with developmental coordination disorder using the DCD-Q

Suresh J, Subash S

Suresh J, Subash S – Assessment of control during movement, fine motor skills/handwriting, and gross motor control in children with developmental coordination disorder using the DCD-Q. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 308-312

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20B0LR

Abstract
Motor coordination and control are affected by Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), particularly in children. As a result, they are unable to write, tie shoelaces, or participate in sports, affecting their social interactions and quality of life. Considering the poor short-term and long-term outcomes observed in children with DCD, awareness of this condition may increase, prompting more research. Among 99 children with DCD, a six-week intervention was performed in both control and intervention groups. In addition to the DCD-Q questionnaire, parents completed a fine motor/handwriting and gross motor control questionnaire. An ANOVA test was used to analyze all values as mean ± SD. The results showed that both groups improved in motor coordination and control. DCD-related motor difficulties can be addressed more effectively with early intervention in all three domains, especially fine motor control. The control group’s motor control scores increased from 17.9 ± 0.6 at baseline to 21.5 ± 0.5 by the sixth week, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.009. Alternatively, the intervention group’s scores improved from 19.6 ± 0.5 at baseline to 22.4 ± 0.5 at the sixth week, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.007. With regards to fine motor control, the control group’s scores improved from 13.4 ± 1.08 at baseline to 16.4 ± 0.6 at the sixth week, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.01. With regards to fine motor control, the intervention group’s scores improved from 14.5 ± 0.3 at baseline to 20.3 ± 1.4 at the sixth week, with a statistically significant p-value of 0.004. As for gross motor control, the control group’s score increased from 16.6 ± 1.05 at baseline to 20.2 ± 1.0 at the sixth week, showing high statistical significance with a p-value of <0.0001. The intervention group’s scores improved from 18.7 ± 0.5 at baseline to 21.5 ± 0.7 at the sixth week, also demonstrating statistical significance with a p-value of 0.002. Overall, this study highlights the potential benefits of tailored interventions in enhancing motor skills and overall quality of life for children with DCD.

Keywords
developmental coordination disorder, DCD-Q, motor control, cerebellum

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Perception of fatigue in elite athlete in West Java

Leonardo Lubis, Bilqis Iasha R. S., Guswan Wiwaha, Hadiono

Leonardo Lubis, Bilqis Iasha R. S., Guswan Wiwaha, Hadiono – Perception of fatigue in elite athlete in West Java. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 302-307

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20B6RB

Abstract
An elite athlete is someone who trains and competes in a high-level sport and has greater physical performance and physical endurance. In the training process, elite athletes use high resistance strength training strategies causing fatigue in athletes. On the positive side, fatigue is considered as a stimulus for muscle adaptation and increased muscle performance; on the negative side, it can lead to overreaching to overtraining. Monitoring and training time of athletes is needed to ensure athletes are consistent with training and minimize the risk of maladaptation of training to injury. Monitoring with the self-report method can be done as a marker of the athlete’s fatigue symptoms. This study aims to describe the perceptions of elite athletes towards fatigue. This research design uses descriptive method with cross-sectional design. The subjects involved in this study were the elite athletes of West Java KONI who did the training for PON XX 2021. In this case, the subjects were 215 elite athletes with 36 martial arts, 51 teams, 9 ratings, 34 games, 85 measured. Three RPE Scale with the highest frequency, namely the 13 scale “somewhat hard” (n = 64 29.8%), the 17 “very hard” (n = 47 21.9%), followed by a 12 “between light and somewhat hard” (n = 24 11.2%). There are athletes who choose scale of 6 “no exertion at all” (n = 6 2.8%) and for scale of 20 “maximum exertion” (n = 2 0.9%). Also, there are three RPE Scale with the lowest frequency, namely the 20 “maximum exertion” scale (n = 2 0.9%), followed by scale 19 “extremely hard” (n = 2 0.9%) with the same score and scale 18 (n = 3 1.4%). In this study, the perception of fatigue of elite athletes in West Java using the RPE scale of 20 scales is 13 “somewhat hard” and 17 “very hard”. There is no significant difference between gender, sport, duration, and age in selecting this scale.

Keywords
perceived exertion, periodization, recovery

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Injury prevalence in recreational runners

Karol Deptuła, Marlena Skwiot

Karol Deptuła, Marlena Skwiot – Injury prevalence in recreational runners. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 292-301

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20BUnC

Abstract
Introduction. The benefits attributed to running include: improving mental and physical health, weight control, as well as reducing stress. However, the occurrence of injuries in this sport is common and carries consequences that can permanently affect the body. Nowadays, modern methods are being analyzed to counteract incorrect training loads, which are assessed on the basis of the multifactorial risk of their formation. In addition, an important aspect that allows for a faster, post-injury return to efficient running is the use of a properly selected rehabilitation protocol.
Purpose of research. The main aim of the study was to determine the risk factors and frequency of the most common injuries among amateur runners.
Material and methods. The study group consisted of 100 adults living in the Mazowieckie Voivodeship, randomly selected (38 women and 62 men). The method of diagnostic survey was used in the work. The research tool was an original questionnaire examining the occurrence, types and locations of injuries in recreational runners.
Results. A statistically significant correlation was found between the body weight of an amateur runner
and the frequency of injury (p < 0.001). At the same time, there was a significant relationship between the warm-up performed before training and the occurrence of injury (p < 0.001). Noticeable effects of physiotherapy were demonstrated (p = 0.016). It was concluded that the preventive use of physiotherapy influenced (p = 0.038) the prevention of recurrent injuries.
Conclusions. Excessive body weight in respondents was associated with a higher risk of injury compared to people with appropriate body weight in the study group. The use of physiotherapy after an injury resulted in a much faster return to physical activity compared to people from the group without physiotherapy.

Key words:
Injuries, recreational running, prevention

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Role of Grassroot Football Academy in reducing the children delinquency: sport psychology perspective

Amin Akbar, Zulakbal Abd Karim, Jaffry Zakaria, Rizal Kurniawan, Muhammad Khairul Wajedi Imami

Amin Akbar, Zulakbal Abd Karim, Jaffry Zakaria, Rizal Kurniawan, Muhammad Khairul Wajedi Imami – Role of Grassroot Football Academy in reducing the children delinquency: sport psychology perspective. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 286-291

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20Bz2j

Abstract
Introduction. Adolescence is a pivotal time in a person’s life, and for many juveniles, it’s marked by delinquency. However, this behavior shouldn’t be seen as a negative thing, but rather as a natural part of their transition from childhood to adulthood. It’s important that we guide and support these young people through this crucial time, so they can navigate the challenges of growing up and become responsible, productive members of society.
Aim. To gain a deeper understanding of how football can positively influence adolescent behavior and deter juvenile delinquency.
Material and method. This study employs qualitative methods with a grounded theory approach, ensuring a thorough and rigorous analysis. A study was conducted on twenty five youth coaches in Indonesia and Malaysia and four parents, all of whom had a football coaching license and a minimum of 5 years experience in coaching. This study implements data triangulation, utilizing open-ended semi-structured interviews, observation, and document analysis to gather research data.
Results. According to the study, football can be utilized as a tool to shape the character of adolescents. It can help them develop independence, responsibility, emotional management skills, positive attitude, respect for others, courage, alertness, decision-making abilities, and social skills. Furthermore, it can prevent juvenile delinquency by providing opportunities for positive interactions with others.
Conclusions. Researchers recommend that children engage in physical activities, particularly football, from a young age. This can significantly shape their character and reduce the likelihood of future delinquent behavior.

Keywords
football, character, adolescence, delinquency, sport, psychology

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Effectiveness of early intervention on developmental milestones among early-term babies – pilot study

Gayathri K C, Shenbaga Sundaram Subramanian, Sangeetha Mohan, Thamer A. Altaim, Kumaran Thanigachalam,Salwa Roushdy Elgendy, Vijayamurugan Eswaramoorthi, Saicheethra, Senthil P, Riziq Allah Gaowgzeh

Ridwan Abdul Rachman, Wawan Sundawan Suherman,Budi Calamita Sandra, Ahmad Nasrulloh – Effectiveness of early intervention on developmental milestones among early-term babies – pilot study. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 281-285

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20BXT7

Abstract
Background. Developmental delay is the delayed milestone compared with peers. This pilot study aims to investigate the effect of early intervention on developmental delay among early‑term babies and infants aged three months. The study will utilize two widely recognized assessment tools, the Bayley Scale and the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) Scale, to evaluate the developmental progress of the participants. The intervention will be provided for three months, and the study will examine the outcomes post‑intervention. Methods. This study is one of the perspective, experimental, single‑blinded, randomized control trials, and multi‑center hospital‑based outpatient department studies. Children who were visited and recruited from the outpatient department were assessed for developmental delay using DDST and Bayley scores. A total of 50 babies were chosen based on the inclusion criteria and then randomized into two groups. The control group with parental education and the experimental group were given early intervention. Assessment was done at 3‑months and post‑test on completion of 6 months. According to the Bayley score, and the data were analyzed.
Results. According to the pilot study, the SPSS pre‑ and post‑values shows a significant difference in the gross motor functions of 14.10 ± 1.79, fine motor functions 7.90 ± 0.316, and cognitive functions 13.60 ± 0.516. This showed that the experimental group is significantly improved. Conclusion. This study showed that early‑term babies also have chances of developmental delay, and that early intervention for overcoming developmental delay is effective.

Keywords
developmental delay, milestones, DDST, Bayley Scale, early intervention

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Series of exercise therapy in order to make the medial longitudinal arch in changing flat foot conditions, systematic literature review

Ridwan Abdul Rachman, Wawan Sundawan Suherman,Budi Calamita Sandra, Ahmad Nasrulloh

Ridwan Abdul Rachman, Wawan Sundawan Suherman,Budi Calamita Sandra, Ahmad Nasrulloh – Series of exercise therapy in order to make the medial longitudinal arch in changing flat foot conditions, systematic literature review. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 275-280

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20Bk5q

Abstract
Flat foot is a condition in which the foot has no or less arch in the arches longitudinal medial that cause the footprints become flatter than usual or seem to appears have no arch. Arches longitudinal medial is one of the pedis arches which plays an important role in the support and balance of the foot when walking. If this part becomes flat and being ignored, it will cause the limitation of walking activities, muscle imbalance, the changes of body alignment, and it can cause a risk of injury to someone as well. The aim of this paper is to identify whether the series of exercise therapy in order to make the Medial Longitudinal Arch in changing Flat Foot Conditions is an appropriate exercise method that can be carried out. This research is using the systematic literature review method with preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analytic. The data that is used in the article’s findings in Sinta accredited journals is Google Scholar & Pubmed. The articles searched were based on the keywords, in which flat foot exercise therapy and changes in arches longitudinal medial, then being filtered based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It was 6 out of 20 articles were used as the main source in this study. The first finding of this research shows that a series of strengthening exercises such as tower curl exercise, heel raises exercise, short foot exercise, strengthening Ball Roll Exercise, calf stretch, and towel stretch can provide a curving effect or additional of the arches longitudinal medial on the flat foot. The second finding of this research is that providing training with the addition of kinesio tapping can improve postural control, increase proprioception, and increase static stability in the intrinsic muscles of the foot.

Keywords
exercise therapy, flat foot, arches longitudinal medial, systematic literature review

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Within the National Health Fund (NFZ) or privately? Advantages and disadvantages of the physiotherapy services system

Józefa Dąbek, Barbara Hebenstreit, Oliwia Kabalak, Monika Janowska, Magdalena Szynal, Halina Kulik

Józefa Dąbek, Barbara Hebenstreit, Oliwia Kabalak, Monika Janowska, Magdalena Szynal, Halina Kulik – Within the National Health Fund (NFZ) or privately? Advantages and disadvantages of the physiotherapy services system . Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 258-274

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20BD9s

Abstract
Introduction. With the entry into force of the Act on the Physiotherapist Profession, the profession of physiotherapist became an independent medical profession. The amendment to the Act in 2019 significantly expanded the scope of competences of contractors of the mentioned profession and strengthened its position in the health care system
The aim of the study was to analyze the use of the physiotherapy services system within public and private health care.
Material and methods. A total of 606 people (100%) were included in the study. The vast majority were women (506; 83.5%). The average age of the respondents was 28 years. The research tool was an original survey questionnaire created and made available via a Google form.
Results. The most frequently used physiotherapy treatments within public health care included physical therapy (129; 34%) and kinesiotherapy (109; 28.8%), and the most frequently indicated reason for using the mentioned form was an injury or accident (83; 38.4%) and lifestyle-related pain (60; 27.8%). Most respondents considered the advantage of physiotherapy services provided as part of public health care to be the lack of fees for the visit (153; 63%) and the possibility of using the services of qualified specialists (42; 17.3%), while the greatest disadvantage was the long waiting time for the visit (138; 35.9%) and insufficient equipment of facilities (67; 17.4%). The most frequently used physiotherapy services in the private sector included: massage (179; 27.8%) and manual therapy (136; 21.1%), and the most common reasons for using these services were lifestyle-related pain (133; 36, 3%) and injury or accident (112; 30.6%). Most people considered short waiting times for services (218; 22.2%) and the involvement of a physiotherapist (211; 21.5%) as the greatest advantages of commercial services, and high prices of services (196; 61.1%) – a disadvantage.
Conclusions
1. More than half of the people included in the study used physiotherapy services, including the vast majority – commercial services.
2. Differences were observed regarding the reasons for using physiotherapy services and the type of therapies used in public and private health care: public services were most often used by the respondents due to an injury or accident, while private services were used due to lifestyle-related pain, and the respondents most often used public physiotherapy services included physical therapy and kinesiotherapy, while in the private sector: massage and manual therapy.
3. Most respondents considered the advantage of physiotherapy services provided within public health care the lack of fees for a visit and the possibility of using the services of qualified specialists, while in the private sector – short waiting times for services and greater involvement of the physiotherapist.
4. According to the respondents, the disadvantages of physiotherapy services within public health care were long waiting times for therapy and insufficient equipment of the facility, and in the private sector – high prices of services.

Key words:
physiotherapy, public sector, private sector

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Effectiveness of mirror therapy for amputation patients at National Authority of Prosthesis and Orthosis in Sudan

Nema Bushra, Roula Francis, Hassan Abdelnour, Nermeen Bleedy

Nema Bushra, Roula Francis, Hassan Abdelnour, Nermeen Bleedy – Effectiveness of mirror therapy for amputation patients at National Authority of Prosthesis and Orthosis in Sudan. Fizjoterapia Polska 2023; 23(5); 253-257

DOI: https://doi.org/10.56984/8ZG20BxlA

Abstract
Introduction. Mirror Therapy (MT) seems to be a promising strategy in amputation rehabilitation by creating a visual representation of the missing limb. The study exploring the effect of MT and conventional rehabilitation in the treatment of post-amputation phantom lower limp pain in National Authority of Prosthesis and Orthosis (NAPO). Method. An experimental study was done on 20 patients that were found for the study (these were the only available cases with phantom lower limb pain), was divided into: Group (A) conventional rehabilitation, Group (B) MT, 10 patients were selected randomly in each group. Questioner with sixteen close end questions was distributed to the patients of the two groups for post rehabilitation assessment to reassess the effect of each treatment for post amputated phantom lower limp pain. Results. There were 50% of the participants were above 60 years old and 60% of participants had Trans – Femoral amputation. Diabetic was the major cause of Amputation (55%). According to participants perception, 40% of participants undergone MT thing it is effective in reducing phantom lower pain while only 10% of participants undergone conventional therapy think it is effective in reducing phantom lower pain. Conclusion. As known, diabetes is still the major cause of lower limb amputation in Sudan. Both conventional therapy and MT are found to be effective in the treatment of phantom lower limb pain, but MT is shown to be more effective compared to conventional therapy.

Keywords
mirror therapy (MT), conventional physiotherapy, National Authority for Prosthetic and Orthotics (NAPO)

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